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What Is Chemical Makeup Of Ectoplasm

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Substance in spiritualism

Helen Duncan was well known for using dolls and other props every bit ectoplasm in her séances.

Ectoplasm (from the Greek ektos, meaning "outside", and plasma, meaning "something formed or molded") is a term used in spiritualism to denote a substance or spiritual energy "exteriorized" past physical mediums. It was coined in 1894 by psychical researcher Charles Richet.[ane] Although the term is widespread in popular culture,[2] at that place is no scientific evidence that ectoplasm exists[3] [4] [5] [vi] and many purported examples were exposed as hoaxes fashioned from cheesecloth, gauze or other natural substances.[7] [8]

Phenomenon [edit]

In spiritualism, ectoplasm is said to be formed by physical mediums when in a trance country. This material is excreted as a gauze-like substance from orifices on the medium's body and spiritual entities are said to drapery this substance over their nonphysical body, enabling them to interact in the concrete and real universe. Some accounts merits that ectoplasm begins clear and nigh invisible, only darkens and becomes visible, as the psychic energy becomes stronger. Still other accounts state that in farthermost cases ectoplasm will develop a strong odor. According to some mediums, the ectoplasm cannot occur in light weather as the ectoplasmic substance would disintegrate.[9]

The psychical researcher Gustav Geley defined ectoplasm as being "very variable in advent, being sometimes vaporous, sometimes a plastic paste, sometimes a bundle of fine threads, or a membrane with swellings or fringes, or a fine cloth-like tissue".[10] Arthur Conan Doyle described ectoplasm as "a glutinous, gelatinous substance which appeared to differ from every known form of thing in that it could solidify and be used for material purposes".[11]

The physical beingness of ectoplasm has not been scientifically demonstrated, and tested samples purported to exist ectoplasm have been found to be diverse non-paranormal substances.[4] [12] Other researchers have duplicated, with non-supernatural materials, the photographic effects sometimes said to show the existence of ectoplasm.[13]

Ectenic forcefulness [edit]

The idea of ectoplasm was merged into the notion of an "ectenic force" past some early psychical researchers who were seeking a physical explanation for reports of psychokinesis in séances.[fourteen] Its existence was initially hypothesized by Count Agenor de Gasparin, to explain the phenomena of table turning and tapping during séances. Ectenic force was named past de Gasparin's colleague Chiliad. Thury, a professor of natural history at the Academy of Geneva. Between them, de Gasparin and Thury conducted a number of experiments in ectenic strength, and claimed some success. Their work was non independently verified.[xv] [16]

Other psychical researchers who studied mediumship speculated that inside the man body an unidentified fluid termed the "psychode", "psychic force" or "ecteneic force" existed and was capable of being released to influence matter.[17] [18] This view was held past Camille Flammarion[19] and William Crookes, however a subsequently psychical researcher Hereward Carrington pointed out that the fluid was hypothetical and has never been discovered.[20]

The psychical investigator W. J. Crawford (1881–1920) had claimed that a fluid substance was responsible for levitation of objects afterward witnessing the medium Kathleen Goligher. Crawford, after witnessing a number of her séances, claimed to accept obtained flashlight photographs of the substance; he later described the substance as "plasma". He claimed the substance is not visible to the naked center just can be felt by the trunk.[21]

The physicist and psychical researcher Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe later investigated the medium Kathleen Goligher at many sittings and arrived at the opposite conclusions to Crawford; according to D'Albe, no paranormal phenomena such as levitation had occurred with Goligher and stated he had found testify of fraud. D'Albe claimed the substance in the photographs of Crawford was ordinary muslin.[22] [23] During a séance D'Albe had observed white muslin between Goligher's anxiety.[24]

Fraud [edit]

A photograph of the medium Linda Gazzera with a doll portrayed as ectoplasm

Ectoplasm on many occasions has been proven to be fraudulent. Many mediums had used methods of swallowing and regurgitating cheesecloth, fabric products smoothed with potato starch and in other cases the ectoplasm was made from paper, cloth and egg white or butter muslin.[25] [26] [27] [28]

The Society for Psychical Research investigations into mediumship exposed many fraudulent mediums which contributed to the refuse of interest in physical mediumship.[29] In 1907, Hereward Carrington exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums such as those used in slate-writing, table-turning, trumpet mediumship, materializations, sealed-letter reading and spirit photography.[thirty]

In the early 20th century the psychical researcher Albert von Schrenck-Notzing investigated the medium Eva Carrière and claimed her ectoplasm "materializations" were non from spirits just the result of "ideoplasty" in which the medium could form images onto ectoplasm from her listen.[31] Schrenck-Notzing published the book Phenomena of Materialisation (1923) which included photographs of the ectoplasm. Critics pointed out the photographs of the ectoplasm revealed marks of magazine cut-outs, pins and a piece of string.[32] Schrenck-Notzing admitted that on several occasions Carrière deceptively smuggled pins into the séance room.[32] The magician Carlos María de Heredia replicated the ectoplasm of Carrière using a rummage, gauze and a handkerchief.[32]

Donald West wrote that the ectoplasm of Carrière was fake and was made of cut-out paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. A photo of Carrière taken from the dorsum of the ectoplasm confront revealed it to be fabricated from a magazine cut out with the messages "Le Miro". The two-dimensional face had been clipped from the French mag Le Miroir.[33] Back problems of the mag as well matched some of Carrière'due south ectoplasm faces.[34] Cut out faces that she used included Woodrow Wilson, Male monarch Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president Raymond Poincaré and the actress Mona Delza.[35]

Kathleen Goligher with supposed ectoplasm made of muslin

Afterwards Schrenck-Notzing discovered Carrière had taken her ectoplasm faces from the mag he defended her by claiming she had read the magazine merely her memory had recalled the images and they had materialized into the ectoplasm.[31] Because of this Schrenck-Notzing was described as credulous.[32] Joseph McCabe wrote "In Germany and Republic of austria, Baron von Schrenck-Notzing is the laughing-stock of his medical colleagues."[36]

The Danish medium Einer Nielsen was investigated by a committee from the Kristiania University in Norway in 1922 and it was discovered in a séance that his ectoplasm was fake.[37] Nielsen was also defenseless hiding his ectoplasm in his rectum.[38] Mina Crandon was a famous medium known for producing ectoplasm during her séance sittings. She produced a small-scale ectoplasmic hand from her tummy which waved most in the darkness. Her career ended, however, when biologists examined the manus and found it to be made of a piece of carved creature liver.[39] Walter Franklin Prince described the Crandon case as "the most ingenious, persistent, and fantastic complex of fraud in the history of psychic enquiry."[40]

The psychical researchers Eric Dingwall and Harry Toll re-published an anonymous work written by a quondam medium entitled Revelations of a Spirit Medium (1922) which exposed the tricks of mediumship and the fraudulent methods of producing "spirit hands".[41] Originally all the copies of the book were bought upwards by spiritualists and deliberately destroyed.[42] On the subject field of ectoplasm and fraud John Ryan Haule wrote:

Because ectoplasm was believed susceptible to destruction by calorie-free, the possibility that ectoplasm might appear became a reason for making sure that Victorian séances took place in near darkness. Poor lighting weather besides became an opportunity for fraud, particularly as faux ectoplasm was easy to make with a mixture of soap, gelatin and egg white, or perhaps merely well-placed muslin.[43]

Psychical researcher Harry Price exposed medium Helen Duncan'due south fraudulent techniques by proving, through assay of a sample of ectoplasm produced by Duncan, that it was cheesecloth that she had swallowed and regurgitated.[44] Duncan had also used dolls' heads and masks as ectoplasm.[45] Mediums would also cut pictures from magazines and stick them to the cheesecloth to pretend they were spirits of the dead.[46] Another researcher, C. D. Wide, wrote that ectoplasm in many cases has proven to be equanimous of domicile material such as butter-muslin and that there is no solid bear witness that it has anything to do with spirits.[47]

The photographs taken by Thomas Glendenning Hamilton of ectoplasm reveal the substance to be made of tissue paper and magazine cut-outs of people. The famous photograph taken past Hamilton of the medium Mary Ann Marshall (1880–1963) depicts tissue paper with a cutting out of Arthur Conan Doyle's head from a newspaper. Skeptics take suspected that Hamilton may have been behind the hoax.[48] The mediums Rita Goold and Alec Harris dressed up in their séances equally ectoplasm spirits and were exposed as frauds.[49] The exposures of fraudulent ectoplasm in séances caused a rapid turn down in physical mediumship.[50]

In popular culture [edit]

Since its release in 1984, the film Ghostbusters has popularized in contemporary fiction the thought of associating ghosts with slimy, often green, ectoplasm.

Encounter besides [edit]

  • Spirit photography
  • Aura (paranormal)
  • Bhoot (ghost)
  • Disembodied spirit
  • Ghost
  • Ichor
  • Incorporeal
  • Kirlian photography
  • List of basic parapsychology topics

References [edit]

  1. ^ Blom, Jan Dirk. (2010). A Lexicon of Hallucinations. Springer. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-4419-1222-0
  2. ^ Badley, Linda (1995). Film, Horror, and the Body Fantastic. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 45–. ISBN978-0-313-27523-4.
  3. ^ Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony (26 September 2016). Ghosts in Pop Civilization and Legend. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–. ISBN978-1-4408-3491-2.
  4. ^ a b Keene, M. Lamar (1997) [1976]. The Psychic Mafia. Amherst, New York: St. Martin'southward Press. ISBN1-57392-161-0.
  5. ^ "Ectoplasm" Archived 2011-01-eleven at the Wayback Machine. Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology, Parapsychological Association (2006-01-24).
  6. ^ Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 44–. ISBN978-1-61592-085-3.
  7. ^ Stein, Gordon (1993). Encyclopedia of Hoaxes . Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Group. p. 205. ISBN0-8103-8414-0. 1 foreign phenomena of spiritualism, one time popular, was the product of ectoplasm. This was a white substance that appeared to ooze from various openings of the medium'due south body. It was usually fabricated of gauze, chiffon, or cheesecloth, oft soaked or treated with various substances.
  8. ^ Frazier, Kendrick (2009). Scientific discipline Under Siege: Defending Science, Exposing Pseudoscience. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 330–. ISBN978-1-61592-594-0.
  9. ^ Joad, C.E.Yard. (2005). Guide to Mod Idea. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. p. 174. ISBN978-1-4179-9107-5.
  10. ^ Barnard, Guy Christian (1933). The Supernormal: A Critical Introduction to Psychic Science. London, England: Passenger & Co. ASIN B000JR9R8K.
  11. ^ Doyle, Arthur Conan (1991) [1930]. The Edge of the Unknown. New York Metropolis: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN978-0-8094-8075-3.
  12. ^ Baker, Robert A.; Nickell, Joe (1992). Missing Pieces: How to Investigate Ghosts, UFOs, Psychics and Other Mysteries . Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN0-87975-729-9.
  13. ^ Peterson, Dawn M. (June 2004). "Mysterious Beings or Mere Accidents?". Skeptical Briefs.
  14. ^ Randall, John L. (1982). Psychokinesis: a study of paranormal forces through the ages. London,. England: Souvenir Press. p. 83. ASIN B000ORMS8Q.
  15. ^ Blavatsky H. P. "ISIS UNVEILED: A Principal-Central to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology", Theosophical University Press
  16. ^ Randi, James (n.d.) [1995 (impress)]. "Psychokinesis". An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. Digital adaptation by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (Online ed.). James Randi Educational Foundation [St. Martin's Printing (impress)]. Retrieved 26 January 2022. {{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) (Notation, the entry Ectonic force refers the reader to Psychokinesis.)
  17. ^ Hamlin Garland. (1936). Forty years of psychic enquiry: a plain narrative of fact. pp. 127–128
  18. ^ Lewis Spence. (2003). An Encyclopaedia of Occultism. p. 133
  19. ^ H. F. Prevost Battersby. (1988). Psychic Certainties. Kessinger Reprint Edition. pp. 125-126
  20. ^ Hereward Carrington. (2003). Eusapia Palladino and Her Phenomena. Kessinger Reprint Edition. p. 267
  21. ^ Bernard Grand. L. Ernst, Hereward Carrington. (2003). Houdini and Conan Doyle: The Story of a Foreign Friendship. Kessinger Reprint Edition. p. 67
  22. ^ Julian Franklyn. (2005). A Survey of the Occult. p. 383
  23. ^ Martyn Jolly. (2006). Faces of the Living Expressionless: The Conventionalities in Spirit Photography. Miegunyah Printing. pp. 84-86. ISBN 978-0-7123-4899-7
  24. ^ Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe. (1922). The Goligher Circle. J. Thousand. Watkins. p. 37
  25. ^ John Mulholland. (1975). Beware Familiar Spirits. Scribner. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-684-16181-5
  26. ^ Renée Haynes. (1982). The Society for Psychical Research, 1882-1982: A History. Macdonald. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-356-07875-5 "The virtually usual material for 'ectoplasm' still, seemed to be butter muslin or cheesecloth, probably swallowed and regurgitated."
  27. ^ Rosemary Guiley. (1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-85112-748-4 "Fraudulent mediums were known to produce ectoplasm equanimous of cipher more than than strips of muslin, or mixtures of soap, gelatin and egg white."
  28. ^ Brad Clark. (2002). Spiritualism. In Michael Shermer. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 220-226. ISBN 1-57607-654-7
  29. ^ Rosemary Guiley. (1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Guinness Publishing. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-85112-748-4
  30. ^ Hereward Carrington. (1907). The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism. Herbert B. Turner & Co.
  31. ^ a b M. Brady Brower. (2010). Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern French republic. University of Illinois Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-252-07751-7
  32. ^ a b c d Carlos María de Heredia. (1922). Spiritism and Mutual Sense. P. J. Kenedy & Sons. pp. 186-198
  33. ^ Donald West. (1954). Psychical Research Today. Chapter Séance-Room Phenomena. Duckworth. p. 49
  34. ^ Georgess McHargue. (1972). Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement. Doubleday. p. 187
  35. ^ Gordon Stein. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 520. ISBN 978-1-57392-021-6
  36. ^ Frank Harris. (1993). Debates on the Significant of Life, Evolution, and Spiritualism. Prometheus Books. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-87975-828-8
  37. ^ Universitetskomiteen, Mediet Einer Nielsen, kontrolundersøkelser av universitetskomiteen i Kristiania. (Kristiania 1922). "Rapport fra den av Norsk Selskab for Psykisk Forskning nedsatte Kontrolkomité", Norsk Tidsskrift for Psykisk Forskning 1 (1921-22).
  38. ^ M. Brady Brower. (2010). Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Mod France. University of Illinois Printing. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-252-07751-7
  39. ^ Ghosts, Apparitions and Poltergeists: An Exploration of the Supernatural through History
  40. ^ C. E. Thou. Hansel. (1989). The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited. Prometheus Books. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-87975-533-one
  41. ^ Eric Dingwall, Harry Price. (1922). Revelations of a Spirit Medium. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
  42. ^ Georgess McHargue. (1972). Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Move. Doubleday. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-385-05305-1
  43. ^ John Ryan Haule. (2010). Jung in the 21st Century: Synchronicity and Science. Routledge. pp. 122-123. ISBN 0-203-83360-0
  44. ^ Marina Warner. (2006). Phantasmagoria: Spirit Visions, Metaphors, and Media into the Twenty-first Century. Oxford University Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-19-923923-viii
  45. ^ Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. p. 599. ISBN 0-87975-300-5
  46. ^ Richard Whittington-Egan. (1991). William Roughhead's Chronicles of Murder. Lochar. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-948403-55-2
  47. ^ C. D. Broad. (2011). Lectures on Psychical Research. Reprint Edition. p. 304
  48. ^ "Touching the Dead: Spooky Winnipeg by Tom Jokinen". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-02-03 .
  49. ^ Tony Cornell. (2002). Investigating the Paranormal. Helix Press New York. pp. 327-352. ISBN 978-0-912328-98-0
  50. ^ John Melton. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena. Visible Ink Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-i-57859-209-8

External links [edit]

  • Photograph of the faux ectoplasm of Ethel Post-Parrish
  • Dr. Hamilton and fake photographs of ectoplasm

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoplasm_%28paranormal%29

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